Share Market For Beginners - PART 1

Bilkul, main aapko in sabhi parameters ke bare me example ke sath samjhaunga:

Share Market For Beginners

Growth

In parameters ka upayog investors company ki financial performance aur growth ko samajhne me karte hain. Yeh parameters unhe yeh batate hain ki company ke earnings, dividends, revenue, cash flow, aur EBITDA me kis tarah ki vridhi huyi hai, jo investment decisions lene me madadgar hoti hai.

In parameters ka upayog company ke financial performance aur growth prospects ko evaluate karne me hota hai. Inse investors ko yeh pata chalta hai ki company ke EBITDA, nakdi pravritti, EPS, aur revenue me kis tarah ki vridhi huyi hai aur kis tarah ki vridhi ki ummid hai. Yeh parameters investment decisions lene me madadgar hote hain.

• 1Y Forward EPS Growth
• 3Y Historical Dividend Growth
• 5Y Historical Revenue Growth
• 1Y Hist Op. Cash Flow Growth
• 5Y Hist Op. Cash Flow Growth
• 5Y Historical EBITDA Growth
• 1Y Historical EBITDA Growth
• 1Y Fwd Op. Cash Flow Growth
• 5Y Historical EPS Growth
• 1Y Historical EPS Growth
• 1Y Forward EBITDA Growth
• 1Y Forward Revenue Growth
• 1Y Historical Revenue Growth

1Y Forward EPS Growth 

(1 Varsh Ke Aage Ka EPS Vridhi): Is parameter ka upayog company ke expected earnings per share (EPS) ki aane wale ek varsh me vridhi ko darust karne ke liye hota hai. 

For example, agar ek company ka abhi ke EPS Rs. 10 hai aur 1Y Forward EPS Growth 15% hai, to iska matlab hai ki agle ek varsh tak company ki earnings per share Rs. 10 se 15% badhkar Rs. 11.50 tak ho sakti hai.

EPS (EARNING PER SHARE) DEFINE-

EPS (Earnings Per Share): Earnings Per Share is a financial metric that represents the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. It is calculated by dividing the company's net income (profit) by the total number of outstanding shares. EPS is an important financial metric because it helps investors assess a company's profitability on a per-share basis. 

It also allows investors to compare the earnings of different companies, making it a valuable tool for evaluating and making investment decisions.

To calculate the EPS for ABC Inc., you would use the formula:

EPS = Net Income / Number of Outstanding Shares

EPS = $1,000,000 / 500,000 = $2.00 per share

So, the Earnings Per Share for ABC Inc. is $2.00. This means that for each share of ABC Inc.'s common stock, the company earned $2.00 in profit during the last fiscal year.

3Y Historical Dividend Growth (3 Varsh Ke Itihasik Dividend Vridhi): Is parameter ka upayog company ke diye gaye dividends ke pichle 3 varsh me ki gayi average vridhi ko darust karne ke liye hota hai. 

For example, agar ek company ne pichle 3 varsh me apne shareholders ko dividends diye hain aur unka average vridhi 5% hai, to iska matlab hai ki company ke dividends pichle 3 varsh me average 5% se badhe hain.

5Y Historical Revenue Growth 

(5 Varsh Ke Itihasik Revenue Vridhi): Is parameter ka upayog company ke total revenue ke pichle 5 varsh me ki gayi average vridhi ko darust karne ke liye hota hai.

For example, agar ek company ke total revenue pichle 5 varsh me average 8% se badhi hai, to iska matlab hai ki company ki total revenue pichle 5 varsh me average 8% ki vridhi dekh rahi hai.

1Y Hist Op. Cash Flow Growth (1 Varsh Ke Itihasik Opereshanl Nakdi Pravritti Vridhi): Is parameter ka upayog company ke opereshanl cash flow ke pichle ek varsh me ki gayi vridhi ko darust karne ke liye hota hai. 

For example, agar ek company ke opereshanl cash flow pichle ek varsh me 10% se badh gaya hai, to iska matlab hai ki company ke opereshanl cash flow pichle ek varsh me 10% tak badh gaya hai.

5Y Hist Op. Cash Flow Growth (5 Varsh Ke Itihasik Opereshanl Nakdi Pravritti Vridhi): Is parameter ka upayog company ke opereshanl cash flow ke pichle 5 varsh me ki gayi average vridhi ko darust karne ke liye hota hai. 

For example, agar ek company ke opereshanl cash flow pichle 5 varsh me average 12% se badha hai, to iska matlab hai ki company ke opereshanl cash flow pichle 5 varsh me average 12% ki vridhi dekh raha hai.

5Y Historical EBITDA Growth (5 Varsh Ke Itihasik EBITDA Vridhi): Is parameter ka upayog company ke EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization) ke pichle 5 varsh me ki gayi average vridhi ko darust karne ke liye hota hai. 

For example, agar ek company ke EBITDA pichle 5 varsh me average 15% se badha hai, to iska matlab hai ki company ke EBITDA pichle 5 varsh me average 15% ki vridhi dekh raha hai.

1Y Historical EBITDA Growth (1 Varsh Ke Itihasik EBITDA Vridhi): Is parameter se aap jan sakte hain ki ek company ke EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization) me pichle ek varsh me kis tarah ki vridhi huyi hai. EBITDA ek company ke opereshanl pradarshan ko darust karta hai.

1Y Fwd Op. Cash Flow Growth (1 Varsh Ke Aage Ke Opereshanl Nakdi Pravritti Vridhi): Is parameter se aap jan sakte hain ki ek company ke opereshanl nakdi pravritti (cash flow) me aane wale ek varsh me kis tarah ki vridhi ki ummid hai. Opereshanl nakdi pravritti company ke vyavsayik gatividhiyon ko darust karti hai.

5Y Historical EPS Growth (5 Varsh Ke Itihasik EPS Vridhi): Is parameter se aap jan sakte hain ki ek company ke earnings per share (EPS) me pichle 5 varsh me kis tarah ki vridhi huyi hai. EPS company ke labh ko prativakti share par batata hai.

1Y Historical EPS Growth (1 Varsh Ke Itihasik EPS Vridhi): Is parameter se aap jan sakte hain ki ek company ke earnings per share (EPS) me pichle ek varsh me kis tarah ki vridhi huyi hai.

1Y Forward EBITDA Growth 

(1 Varsh Ke Aage Ka EBITDA Vridhi): Is parameter se aap jan sakte hain ki ek company ke EBITDA me aane wale ek varsh me kis tarah ki vridhi ki ummid hai.

1Y Forward Revenue Growth (1 Varsh Ke Aage Ka Revenue Vridhi): Is parameter se aap jan sakte hain ki ek company ke revenue me aane wale ek varsh me kis tarah ki vridhi ki ummid hai.

1Y Historical Revenue Growth (1 Varsh Ke Itihasik Revenue Vridhi): Is parameter se aap jan sakte hain ki ek company ke revenue me pichle ek varsh me kis tarah ki vridhi huyi hai.

Price & Volume: 

In parameters aur indicators ka upayog company ke vyavsayik swasthya aur vyavsayik pradarshan ko samjhne me kiya jata hai. Yeh batate hain ki company ne kis prakar se apne niveshakon aur dvara prayukt pujji ko labh prapt kiya hai. Invest karne se pahle in mahatvapurna patraon ko dekhkar vyaparik nirnay lene me madad milti hai.

In parameters aur indicators ka upayog stock ke pradarshan, samayik vikas, aur vyavsayik sthiti ko samjhne me kiya jata hai. Inse aap stock ke uttejakta aur avettejakta ko samajh sakte hain aur vyaparik nirnay lene me madad karte hain.

In parameters aur indicators ka upayog stock ke pradarshan, samayik vikas, vyavsayik moolya, aur vyavsayik sthiti ko samjhne me kiya jata hai. Inse aap stock ke uttejakta aur avettejakta ko samajh sakte hain aur vyaparik nirnay lene me madad karte hain.

• 1Y Return vs Nifty
• 6M Return
• 1M Return
• 1M Return vs Nifty
• % Away From 52W High
• % Away From 52W Low
• 1Y Return
• 5Y CAGR
• 6M Return vs Nifty
• Daily Volume
• Face value
• Close Price
• 1D Return
• 1W Return
• 1W Return vs Nifty
• 1D Change in Volume
• 1M Average Volume
• 1W Change in Volume
• 3M Average Volume

Chaliye, aapko in stock market terms ko vistar se samjhata hoon, har ek ke sath ek simple example diya hua hai, taki aap inko asani se samajh sakein:

1Y Return vs Nifty 

(1 Varsh Ka Vapis Nifty Ke Mukable Mein): Is parameter mein ek stock ka uttejak moolya (return) ek varsh ke liye Nifty ke moolya ke saath tulna kiya jata hai.

• Example: Maan lijiye ek stock ne pichle ek varsh mein 20% ki vapis prapt ki, jabki Nifty ne us samay 15% ki vapis prapt ki. Iska matlab hai ki yeh stock Nifty se behtar pradarshan kar raha hai.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki stock ek varsh ke moolya ke adhar par Nifty ke sath kis prakar se pradarshan kar raha hai.

6M Return (6 Mahine Ka Vapis): Is parameter mein ek stock ka uttejak moolya pichle 6 mahine ke liye darust kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ne pichle 6 mahine mein 10% ki vapis prapt ki, to iska 6M Return 10% hoga.

• Importance: Yeh bata hai ki stock pichle 6 mahine mein kis dar se perform kar raha hai.

1M Return (1 Mahine Ka Vapis): 

Is parameter mein ek stock ka uttejak moolya pichle ek mahine ke liye darust kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ne pichle mahine mein 5% ki vapis prapt ki, to iska 1M Return 5% hoga.

• Importance: Yeh bata hai ki stock pichle mahine mein kis dar se perform kar raha hai.

1M Return vs Nifty (1 Mahine Ka Vapis Nifty Ke Mukable Mein): Is parameter mein ek stock ka 1 mahine ka uttejak moolya Nifty ke 1 mahine ke uttejak moolya ke saath tulna kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ne pichle mahine mein 5% ki vapis prapt ki, jabki Nifty ne us samay 3% ki vapis prapt ki. Iska matlab hai ki yeh stock Nifty ke mukable mein behtar pradarshan kar raha hai.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki stock ek mahine ke moolya ke adhar par Nifty ke sath kis prakar se pradarshan kar raha hai.

% Away From 52W High

(% 52 Saptah Ke Uncha Moolya Se Door): Is parameter mein stock ke vartaman moolya ko uske pichle 52 saptah ke unche moolya se darust kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ka vartaman moolya $70 hai aur uska 52 saptah ka uncha moolya $80 hai, to iska % Away From 52W High 12.5% hoga.

• Importance: Yeh bata hai ki stock kitna niche hai uske pichle 52 saptah ke unche moolya se, aur kis dar se abhi ke moolya me upar uttejakta ki sambhavana hai.

% Away From 52W Low 

(% 52 Saptah Ke Neeche Moolya Se Door): Is parameter mein stock ke vartaman moolya ko uske pichle 52 saptah ke niche moolya se darust kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ka vartaman moolya $60 hai aur uska 52 saptah ka niche moolya $50 hai, to iska % Away From 52W Low 20% hoga.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki stock kitna upar hai uske pichle 52 saptah ke niche moolya se, aur kis dar se abhi ke moolya me uttejakta ki sambhavana hai.

1Y Return (1 Varsh Ka Vapis):

 Is parameter mein ek stock ka uttejak moolya (return) ek varsh ke liye darust kiya jata hai.

• Example: Maan lijiye ek stock ne pichle ek varsh mein 20% ki vapis prapt ki. Iska matlab hai ki agar aapne is stock ko ek varsh pahle khrida tha to aapko 20% ki vapis mili.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki stock ek varsh ke moolya ke adhar par kis dar se perform kar raha hai.

5Y CAGR (5 Varsh Ka CAGR): CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) ek compound varshik vriddhi darust karta hai, yani ek stock ka varshik moolya kis prakar se vriddhi darust kar raha hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ka arambhik moolya $100 tha aur 5 varsh ke baad uska moolya $150 ho gaya, to uska 5Y CAGR hoga ((150/100)^(1/5) - 1) * 100 = 8.7%.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki stock ke moolya mein kitni varshik vriddhi hui hai, aur samay ke saath uske pradarshan ko samajhne me madad karta hai.

6M Return vs Nifty (6 Mahine Ka Vapis Nifty Ke Mukable Mein): Is parameter mein ek stock ka 6 mahine ka uttejak moolya Nifty ke 6 mahine ke uttejak moolya ke saath tulna kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ne pichle 6 mahine mein 10% ki vapis prapt ki, jabki Nifty ne us samay 8% ki vapis prapt ki. Iska matlab hai ki yeh stock Nifty ke mukable mein behtar pradarshan kar raha hai.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki stock 6 mahine ke moolya ke adhar par Nifty ke sath kis dar se pradarshan kar raha hai.

Daily Volume (Rozana Ka Pravritti): Daily Volume ek stock ke har ek din ki trading activity ko darust karta hai, yaani kitni shares ek din me kharidi gayi ya bechi gayi.

• Example: Ek stock ka rozana ka pravritti 5,00,000 shares hai, yani har din 5,00,000 shares ke aas-pass vyapar ho rahe hain.

• Importance: Daily Volume batata hai ki kitni aktibata aur liquidity ek stock mein hai. Jyada volume aksar zyada vyavsayik sthiti ko darust karta hai.

Face Value (Mukhya Moolya): Face Value ek share ka moolya hota hai jo uske prakashan ke samay company dawara nirdharit kiya jata hai. Yeh moolya asal vyavsayik moolya se alag ho sakta hai.

• Example: Ek company ne apne share ka face value Rs. 10 rupaye rakha hai.

• Importance: Face Value company ke share ki asal moolya ka pratinidhitwa karta hai aur vyavsayik moolya ko darust karta hai.

Close Price (Bandh Moolya): Close Price ek stock ka moolya hota hai jab vyapar ka din band hota hai. Is moolya par vyaparik nirnay adharit hota hai.

• Example: Ek stock ka bandh moolya aaj Rs. 150 hai.

• Importance: Close Price vyapar ka din band hone ke samay ka antim moolya hota hai aur vyaparik pratikriya ko darust karta hai.

1D Return (1 Din Ka Vapis): Is parameter mein ek stock ka uttejak moolya ek din ke liye darust kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ne aaj 2% ki vapis prapt ki, to uska 1D Return 2% hoga.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki stock ek din ke moolya ke adhar par kis dar se perform kar raha hai.

1W Return (1 Saptah Ka Vapis): Is parameter mein ek stock ka uttejak moolya ek saptah ke liye darust kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek stock ne is saptah 5% ki vapis prapt ki, to uska 1W Return 5% hoga.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki stock ek saptah ke moolya ke adhar par kis dar se perform kar raha hai.

EBITDA Margin (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization Margin): EBITDA Margin ek company ke utpadan se pehle upradesh, kar, afsuski aur amurtikaran (EBITDA) ka pradarshan darust karta hai.

• Example: Ek company ka EBITDA $1,00,000 hai aur uska vitta-moolya utpadan (revenue) $5,00,000 hai, to EBITDA Margin hoga (1,00,000 / 5,00,000) * 100 = 20%.

• Importance: EBITDA Margin company ke pradarshan ki labhshulk sthiti ko darust karta hai aur vyavsayik sthiti ko samjhne me madad karta hai.

Return on Investment (ROI): ROI ek nivesh ya lagat (investment) par prapt vapis (return) ka anupat darust karta hai.

• Example: Agar aapne ek stock ko $1,000 mein khrida aur us stock ki kimat badhkar $1,200 ho gayi, to aapka ROI hoga ((1,200 - 1,000) / 1,000) * 100 = 20%.

• Importance: ROI dikhata hai ki aapka nivesh kitna faydemand raha hai aur aapne kitna munafa kamaya hai.

Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): COGS ek company ke utpadan ke liye saman aur upkaranon ki laagat ko darust karta hai.

• Example: Ek company ne ek varsh mein $10,00,000 kharch kiye samano aur upkaranon ke liye, to COGS $10,00,000 hoga.

• Importance: COGS vyavsayik moolya utpadan ki laagat ko darust karta hai aur labhgeet pradarshan me mahatvapurna hai.

Cash Flow Margin (Nakdi Pravritti Margin): Cash Flow Margin ek company ke nakdi pravritti ka utpadan (revenue) ke saath anupat darust karta hai.

• Example: Agar ek company ka vitta-moolya utpadan $500,000 hai aur nakdi pravritti $100,000 hai, to Cash Flow Margin hoga (100,000 / 500,000) * 100 = 20%.

• Importance: Cash Flow Margin dikhata hai ki company ke vitta-moolya utpadan se kitna nakdi pravritti prapt ho raha hai.

5Y Avg EBITDA Margin (5 Varsh Ka Lagataar EBITDA Margin): Is parameter mein ek company ke EBITDA Margin ka lagataar varshik moolya darust kiya jata hai.

• Example: Agar ek company ke pichle 5 varsh ke lagataar EBITDA Margin ka average 15% raha hai, to iska 5Y Avg EBITDA Margin 15% hoga.

• Importance: Yeh batata hai ki company ke EBITDA Margin mein sthirata kis dar se hai aur vyavsayik sthiti ko samjhne me madad karta hai.

Net Profit Margin 

(Net Labh Margin): Net Profit Margin ek company ke kul net labh ka utpadan (revenue) ke saath anupat darust karta hai.

• Example: Agar ek company ka vitta-moolya utpadan $1,00,000 hai aur kul net labh $20,000 hai, to Net Profit Margin hoga (20,000 / 1,00,000) * 100 = 20%.

• Importance: Net Profit Margin dikhata hai ki company ke kul vitta-moolya utpadan se kitna net labh prapt hota hai.

ROCE 

(Return on Capital Employed): ROCE ek company ke lagat par prapt vapis (return) ka anupat aur dvara prayukt pujji (capital employed) ka pradarshan darust karta hai.

• Example: Agar ek company ne $1,00,000 lagaya aur usne isse $20,000 ka labh kamaya, to ROCE hoga (20,000 / 1,00,000) * 100 = 20%.

• Importance: ROCE dikhata hai ki company ke dvara prayukt pujji se kitna uttejak labh prapt hota hai.

Return on Equity (ROE): ROE ek company ke utprerak par prapt vapis (return) ka anupat dvara svayam ka dhara (equity) ka pradarshan darust karta hai.

• Example: Agar ek company ke utprerak par prapt vapis $10,000 hai aur uska dhara $50,000 hai, to ROE hoga (10,000 / 50,000) * 100 = 20%.

• Importance: ROE dikhata hai ki company ke dhara se kitna uttejak labh prapt hota hai aur utprerakon ke liye kitna munafa kamaya gaya hai.

Return on Assets (ROA): ROA ek company ke sampatti par prapt vapis (return) ka anupat dvara sampatti (assets) ka pradarshan darust karta hai.

• Example: Agar ek company ke sampatti par prapt vapis $15,000 hai aur uski sampatti $100,000 hai, to ROA hoga (15,000 / 100,000) * 100 = 15%.

• Importance: ROA dikhata hai ki company ke sampatti se kitna uttejak labh prapt hota hai aur sampatti ke upyog ke prati vyavsayik pradarshan ko darust karta hai.

Financial Ratio

Let's understand these financial ratios in a simple and easy-to-understand way, along with examples and the logic behind them:

Interest Coverage Ratio: Interest Coverage Ratio measures a company's ability to cover its interest expenses with its earnings.

Example: If a company has an annual interest expense of $10,000 and an annual operating profit (EBIT) of $20,000, the Interest Coverage Ratio is 2. It means the company's earnings are twice the amount needed to cover its interest expenses.

Importance: A higher Interest Coverage Ratio indicates a company's better ability to meet its debt obligations from its earnings.

Quick Ratio (Acid-Test Ratio): 

Quick Ratio measures a company's ability to meet its short-term liabilities using its most liquid assets, such as cash and marketable securities.

Example: If a company has $10,000 in cash and $5,000 in marketable securities and has current liabilities of $7,000, the Quick Ratio is (10,000 + 5,000) / 7,000 = 2.14. This means the company can meet its short-term liabilities 2.14 times using its liquid assets.

Importance: A higher Quick Ratio indicates a company's better ability to cover its short-term debts without relying on the sale of inventory.

Asset Turnover Ratio: Asset Turnover Ratio measures how efficiently a company utilizes its assets to generate revenue.

Example: If a company has $200,000 in annual revenue and $100,000 in total assets, the Asset Turnover Ratio is 2. It means the company generates $2 of revenue for every $1 of assets.

Importance: A higher Asset Turnover Ratio suggests that a company is using its assets efficiently to generate sales.

Cash Conversion Cycle: The Cash Conversion Cycle represents the time it takes for a company to convert its investments in inventory and other resources into cash flows from sales.

Example: If it takes a company 60 days to sell its inventory, 30 days to collect accounts receivable, and 45 days to pay its suppliers, the Cash Conversion Cycle is 60 (inventory days) + 30 (accounts receivable days) - 45 (accounts payable days) = 45 days.

Importance: A shorter Cash Conversion Cycle indicates that a company can more quickly convert its investments into cash, which is a sign of efficiency.

Days of Inventory Outstanding: This metric shows how many days, on average, a company holds inventory before selling it.

Example: If a company has an average inventory of $50,000 and incurs $1,000 in inventory costs every day, the Days of Inventory Outstanding is 50,000 / 1,000 = 50 days. It takes 50 days, on average, to sell its inventory.

Importance: A shorter period of inventory outstanding suggests that a company is efficient in managing its inventory and doesn't tie up too much capital in unsold goods.

Days Payable Outstanding: Days Payable Outstanding represents the average number of days a company takes to pay its suppliers.

Example: If a company has accounts payable of $20,000 and incurs $500 in costs every day, the Days Payable Outstanding is 20,000 / 500 = 40 days. It takes the company an average of 40 days to pay its suppliers.

Importance: A longer Days Payable Outstanding can indicate that a company is taking advantage of extended credit terms from its suppliers, which can be a source of short-term financing.

These ratios help investors and analysts assess a company's financial health, operational efficiency, and ability to manage short-term obligations. Understanding these ratios can aid in making informed investment decisions

Days of Sales Outstanding (DSO): DSO measures the average number of days it takes for a company to collect payment from its customers after making a sale.

Example: If a company's accounts receivable is $30,000, and its daily sales are $1,000, the DSO is 30 days. It takes the company an average of 30 days to collect payment from its customers.

Importance: A lower DSO indicates that a company is efficient in collecting payments, which can improve its cash flow and liquidity.

Debt to Equity Ratio: The Debt to Equity Ratio compares a company's total debt to its equity (shareholder's equity or net assets).

Example: If a company has $500,000 in total debt and $1,000,000 in equity, the Debt to Equity Ratio is 0.5. It means the company has $0.50 in debt for every $1 of equity.

Importance: A lower Debt to Equity Ratio suggests that a company relies less on debt financing, which can reduce financial risk.

Earning Power: Earning Power is a measure of a company's ability to generate profit from its operations.

Example: If a company generates $200,000 in annual profit and has $1,000,000 in total assets, the Earning Power is 20%. It means the company generates a 20% return on its assets.

Importance: Earning Power assesses a company's profitability in relation to its assets and provides insights into its operational efficiency.

Inventory Turnover Ratio: Inventory Turnover Ratio shows how many times a company's inventory is sold and replaced during a specific period.

Example: If a company sells $500,000 worth of inventory annually, and its average inventory is $100,000, the Inventory Turnover Ratio is 5. It means the inventory is sold and replaced five times in a year.

Importance: A higher Inventory Turnover Ratio suggests that a company efficiently manages its inventory and reduces the carrying cost of unsold goods.

Long-Term Debt to Equity Ratio: The Long-Term Debt to Equity Ratio compares a company's long-term debt to its equity.

Example: If a company has $300,000 in long-term debt and $600,000 in equity, the Long-Term Debt to Equity Ratio is 0.5. It means the company has $0.50 in long-term debt for every $1 of equity.

Importance: This ratio specifically assesses a company's long-term financial leverage and its ability to meet long-term obligations.

These financial ratios are essential tools for investors and analysts to evaluate a company's financial structure, operational efficiency, and risk profile. Understanding these ratios helps in making informed investment decisions and managing risk.

Net Income / Liabilities: This ratio, sometimes referred to as the Return on Liabilities, measures a company's net income in relation to its total liabilities.

Example: If a company has a net income of $100,000 and total liabilities of $500,000, the Net Income / Liabilities ratio is 0.20, or 20%. It means the company generates a return of 20% on its total liabilities.

Importance: This ratio provides insight into how effectively a company is using its total liabilities to generate profits. A higher ratio suggests better profitability in relation to liabilities.

Current Ratio: The Current Ratio assesses a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations with its short-term assets.

Example: If a company has current assets (such as cash, accounts receivable, and inventory) of $200,000 and current liabilities (short-term debts, accounts payable) of $100,000, the Current Ratio is 2. It means the company can cover its short-term obligations twice over with its current assets.

Importance: A higher Current Ratio indicates a company's better ability to meet its short-term debts and suggests financial stability.

Working Capital Turnover Ratio: This ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its working capital to generate sales revenue.

Example: If a company has an annual revenue of $1,000,000 and a working capital of $100,000, the Working Capital Turnover Ratio is 10. It means the company generates $10 in revenue for every $1 of working capital.

Importance: A higher Working Capital Turnover Ratio suggests that a company is efficiently using its working capital to generate sales, which can be a sign of operational efficiency.

These financial ratios provide valuable insights (बहुमूल्य अंतर्दृष्टि) into a company's financial health, liquidity, and operational efficiency. Investors and analysts use these ratios to assess a company's ability to meet its obligations and generate profits. Understanding these ratios can help in making informed investment decisions.

Valuation

Certainly, let's explore these financial terms and ratios in Hindi with examples:

Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio (मूल्य-से-आय मूल्यांकन अनुपात):

P/E Ratio ek valuation ratio hai jo ek company ke stock price ko uske Earnings per Share (EPS) ke sath compare karta hai. Isse pata chalta hai ki investors kitni rupaye ki kamai ke liye kitne rupaye invest kar rahe hain.

PE Ratio (Price-to-Earnings Ratio): 

The PE ratio is a valuation ratio that compares a company's stock price to its earnings per share (EPS). It provides insight into how much investors are willing to pay for each dollar of earnings.

Example: If a company's stock is trading at $40 per share, and it has an EPS of $4, the PE ratio is 10 (40 / 4). This means investors are willing to pay 10 times the company's earnings for each share.

Importance: A high PE ratio may indicate that investors expect strong future growth, while a low PE ratio may suggest undervaluation or lower growth expectations.

Example(Udaharan): Maan lo, ek company ke stock ka current price ₹100 hai aur uska Earnings per Share (EPS) ₹10 hai.

P/E Ratio = ₹100 / ₹10 = 10

Iska matlab hai ki aap ₹10 ke earnings ke liye ₹100 invest kar rahe hain.

Example: P/E Ratio ek company ke stock ke valuation aur investor ke interest level ko samajhne me madad karta hai. Yadi P/E Ratio kam hota hai (jaise 10), to yeh sanket deta hai ki company ke earnings ke liye kam paisa invest karna padta hai, jiska matalab ho sakta hai ki stock sasta ho. Lekin, agar P/E Ratio adhik hota hai (jaise 25), to yeh sanket deta hai ki earnings ke liye jyada paisa invest karna pad raha hai, jiska matalab ho sakta hai ki stock mahanga ho sakta hai.

Isse aap stock ke moolya ko samjh sakte hain aur yah bhi pata laga sakte hain ki dusre stocks ke mukable me yah kitna mehenga ya sasta hai. P/E Ratio ko sector ya industry ke mukable me dekhkar aap stocks ke comparative valuation ko samajh sakte hain aur investment decision me madad kar sakta hai.

Dividend Yield (डिविडेंड यील्ड):

Dividend Yield ek company ke stock dvara diye gaye dividends ka varshik ay ke roop me pradarshan karta hai. Isse current market price ke sath mukable me jana jata hai.

Example(Udaharan): Agar ek stock har share par varshik ₹2 ke dividend deta hai aur uska current market price ₹40 hai, to Dividend Yield 5% hoga (2 / 40 * 100). Iska matalab hai ki aap har saal aapke invest kiye gaye paiso ka 5% laabh dividend ke roop me prapt kar sakte hain.

Importance: Dividend Yield aise invest karne wale logo ke liye mahatvapurn hai jo aay ki talash me hain. Isse unhe ye pata chalta hai ki unka invest kiya gaya paisa unhe har varsh kitni rupaye ki aay pradan karega.

Dividend Yield vs Sector (डिविडेंड यील्ड बनाम सेक्टर):

Ek company ke Dividend Yield ko uske sector ke average Dividend Yield ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhkar yah pata lagaya ja sakta hai ki company apne industry ke anya peers ke mukable kitna dividend pradan kar rahi hai.

Example(Udaharan): Yadi kisi healthcare sector ki company ka Dividend Yield 4% hai aur sector ka average Dividend Yield 3% hai, to iska matlab hai ki company apne sector ke average ke mukable adhik dividend pradan kar rahi hai.

Importance: Is tulnatmak moolyaankan se invest karne wale log samajh sakte hain ki company apne sector ke mukable kitna adhik dividend pradan kar rahi hai, aur kya yah acha mauka ho sakta hai.

Dividend Yield vs Sub-sector (डिविडेंड यील्ड बनाम उप-सेक्टर):

Is tarah ke mukable me, ek company ke Dividend Yield ko uske sub-sector ke average Dividend Yield ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhkar, uske specific industry group ke andar uske dividend pradarshan ko samjhne me madad milti hai.

Example(Udaharan): Technology sector ke bheetar, ek software company ka Dividend Yield 2% ho sakta hai, jabki sub-sector ke average Dividend Yield 3% ho. Iska matalab hai ki company apne sub-sector ke average Dividend Yield ke mukable kam dividend pradan kar rahi hai.

Importance Is sub-sector ke mukable me dekhna ek company ke dividend pradarshan ko uske vyavsayik shreni ke andar ek adhik vivaranik drishti se samajhne me madadgar hota hai.

Enterprise Value (एंटरप्राइज मूल्य):

Enterprise Value ek company ki poorna mulyankan ko darust karta hai, yani uske market capitalization ke sath uske kul karz aur nagad ya nagad saman ke saath.

Example(Udaharan): Agar kisi company ka market capitalization 1 arab dollar hai, kul karz 20 arab dollar hai, aur nagad ya nagad saman 5 arab dollar hai, to Enterprise Value 1.25 arab dollar hoga (1 arab + 20 arab - 5 arab).

Importance: Enterprise Value company ke asli mulya ko janne me madad karta hai, vishesh roop se kharidne, adhigrahan, ya invest karne ke liye. Isse company ki vittiya sthiti ki poorna chitran prapt hoti hai.

EV / Invested Capital (Enterprise Value to Invested Capital):

EV / Invested Capital ratio is a measure of how efficiently a company uses its invested capital to generate value. It compares a company's Enterprise Value to its total invested capital, which includes both equity and debt.

Example: If a company has an Enterprise Value of $10 million and total invested capital of $8 million (equity and debt combined), the EV / Invested Capital ratio is 1.25 (10 million / 8 million). This means the company generates $1.25 in value for each $1 of invested capital.

EV / Revenue Ratio (Enterprise Value to Revenue Ratio):

EV / Revenue ratio evaluates a company's valuation based on its revenue. It compares Enterprise Value to the company's total revenue.

Example: If a company has an Enterprise Value of $20 million and generates $5 million in revenue, the EV / Revenue ratio is 4 (20 million / 5 million). This means the company's valuation is 4 times its annual revenue.

EV / Free Cash Flow (Enterprise Value to Free Cash Flow):

EV / Free Cash Flow ratio assesses a company's valuation concerning its free cash flow, which represents the cash generated by the company after deducting capital expenditures.

Example: If a company has an Enterprise Value of $30 million and generates $10 million in free cash flow, the EV / Free Cash Flow ratio is 3 (30 million / 10 million). This indicates that the company's valuation is 3 times its free cash flow.

EV / EBIT Ratio (Enterprise Value to Earnings Before Interest and Taxes):

EV / EBIT ratio measures a company's valuation based on its Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT), which represents its operating profit before considering interest and taxes.

Example: If a company has an Enterprise Value of $50 million and an EBIT of $10 million, the EV / EBIT ratio is 5 (50 million / 10 million). This means the company's valuation is 5 times its EBIT.

EV/EBITDA Ratio (Enterprise Value to Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization):

EV/EBITDA ratio assesses a company's valuation based on its Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA), which provides a more comprehensive view of its operating performance.

Example: If a company has an Enterprise Value of $60 million and an EBITDA of $15 million, the EV/EBITDA ratio is 4 (60 million / 15 million). This indicates that the company's valuation is 4 times its EBITDA.

These ratios help investors evaluate a company's valuation in relation to various financial metrics, such as invested capital, revenue, free cash flow, EBIT, and EBITDA. Understanding these ratios can assist in making investment decisions and assessing the relative value of different companies.

Sector Dividend Yield (क्षेत्र डिविडेंड यील्ड):

Kshetra Dividend Yield ek aanklan hai jo ek kshetra (sector) ke sabhi companies ke dividend yields ka average pradarshan karta hai. Yeh aapko sector ke companies ke dividends ke prati aam vyapar ko darust karne me madad karta hai.

Example: Maan lo, ek kshetra me tin companies hain aur unke dividend yields hain 4%, 3%, aur 2%. To is kshetra ka Dividend Yield average hoga: (4% + 3% + 2%) / 3 = 3%. Iska matalab hai ki is kshetra ke companies ke average Dividend Yield 3% hai.

Sector PB (क्षेत्र PB):

Kshetra PB (Price-to-Book) ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek kshetra ke companies ke kitne hisse (equity) ki mulyankan (book value) ke mukable me market mulya ko darust karta hai.

Example Agar ek kshetra ke companies ka average PB ratio 2 hai, to iska matalab hai ki unke hisse ki mulyankan ke mukable market mulya lagbhag 2 guna adhik hai.

Sector PE (क्षेत्र PE):

Kshetra PE (Price-to-Earnings) ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek kshetra ke companies ke mulya ko unke kamai (earnings) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai.

Example Agar ek kshetra ke companies ka average PE ratio 15 hai, to iska matalab hai ki investors unki kamai ke liye pratyek rupaye ke lagbhag 15 rupaye invest kar rahe hain.

Price / Free Cash Flow (मूल्य / मुफ्त नकदी न०यान):

Price / Free Cash Flow ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek company ke mulya ko uske mukt nakshe (free cash flow) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Yeh company ke free cash flow ke mulya ko pradarshit karta hai.

Example Agar ek kshetra me ek company ka Price / Free Cash Flow ratio 10 hai, to iska matalab hai ki market mulya ke mukable company ke free cash flow ka pradarshan 10 guna hai.

PB Premium vs Sub-sector (PB प्रीमियम बनाम उप-क्षेत्र):

PB Premium vs Sub-sector ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek company ke Price-to-Book (PB) ratio ko uske upakshetra (sub-sector) ke average PB ratio ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Yeh dikhata hai ki company uske upakshetra ke mulya ki tulna me kis star par hai.

Example: Agar ek company ka PB ratio 2 hai aur uske upakshetra ka average PB ratio 1.5 hai, to iska matalab hai ki company PB ratio ke sath uske upakshetra ke mulya ke mukable 1.33 guna adhik hai.

PB Premium vs Sector (PB प्रीमियम बनाम क्षेत्र):

PB Premium vs Sector ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek company ke PB ratio ko uske kshetra (sector) ke average PB ratio ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Yeh dikhata hai ki company uske kshetra ke mulya ki tulna me kis star par hai.

Example Agar ek company ka PB ratio 2 hai aur uske kshetra ka average PB ratio 1.8 hai, to iska matalab hai ki company PB ratio ke sath uske kshetra ke mulya ke mukable 1.11 guna adhik hai.

Yeh ratios aur aanklan aapko sector ke companies ke mulya, nivesh ko darust karne, aur upbhokta ko aavashyak vittiy sujhav dene me madad karte hain. Aap samajh sakte hain ki kshetra ke mulya kaise pradarshit hote hain aur kis tarah se company uske peers ya sector ke mulya ke mukable sthit hai.

PB Ratio (Price-to-Book Ratio):

PB Ratio ek valuation ratio hai jo ek company ke stock price ko uske mulyankan (book value) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Yeh dikhata hai ki ek company ke mulya ko uske net asset (samooh sampatti) ke mukable market mulya kitna hai.

Example: Agar ek company ka stock price $50 hai aur uska book value per share $10 hai, to uska PB ratio hoga 5 ($50 / $10).

Importance PB ratio dikhata hai ki market mulya ko company ke net assets ke mukable kitna milta hai. Yadi PB ratio kam hota hai, to yeh sanket deta hai ki company ke assets ke mukable market mulya sasta hai. Yadi PB ratio adhik hota hai, to yeh sanket deta hai ki company ke assets ke mukable market mulya mahanga hai.

PE Premium vs Sub-sector (PE प्रीमियम बनाम उप-क्षेत्र):

PE Premium vs Sub-sector ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek company ke Price-to-Earnings (PE) ratio ko uske upakshetra (sub-sector) ke average PE ratio ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Isse dikhata hai ki company uske upakshetra ke mulya ke sath kis darje par hai.

Example : Ek company ka PE ratio 20 hai aur uske upakshetra ka average PE ratio 15 hai, to uska PE Premium vs Sub-sector hoga 1.33 (20 / 15).

Importance: PE Premium vs Sub-sector ratio dikhata hai ki company uske upakshetra ke mulya ke sath kis darje par hai. Yadi yeh ratio adhik hai, to company uske peers se aage hai, aur yadi kam hai, to company uske peers se peeche hai.

PE Premium vs Sector (PE प्रीमियम बनाम क्षेत्र):

PE Premium vs Sector ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek company ke PE ratio ko uske kshetra (sector) ke average PE ratio ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Isse dikhata hai ki company uske kshetra ke mulya ke sath kis darje par hai.

Example : Ek company ka PE ratio 25 hai aur uske kshetra ka average PE ratio 20 hai, to uska PE Premium vs Sector hoga 1.25 (25 / 20).

Importance: PE Premium vs Sector ratio dikhata hai ki company uske kshetra ke mulya ke sath kis darje par hai. Yadi yeh ratio adhik hai, to company uske kshetra ke mulya me aage hai, aur yadi kam hai, to company uske kshetra ke mulya me peeche hai.

Forward PE Ratio (Forward Price-to-Earnings Ratio):

Forward PE Ratio ek valuation ratio hai jo ek company ke stock price ko uske anumanit (anticipated) earnings per share (EPS) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Isse dikhata hai ki market mein agle kal mein kitne kamai ki ummid hai.

Example  Ek company ka forward PE ratio 15 hai, yani anumanit kamai ke sath uska stock price 15 guna hai.

Importance: Forward PE ratio dikhata hai ki market mein agle kal mein kitne kamai ki ummid hai. Yadi yeh ratio kam hai, to market me company ki future kamai ke liye umeed hai.

Price / Sales (Mulya / Bikri):

Price / Sales ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek company ke stock price ko uske bikri (revenue) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Isse dikhata hai ki market mulya ko company ki bikri ke mukable kitna milta hai.

Example : Ek company ka stock price $100 hai aur uski annual revenue (bikri) $20 million hai, to uska Price / Sales ratio hoga 5, yani market mulya uski bikri ke mukable 5 guna hai.

Importance: Price / Sales ratio dikhata hai ki market mulya ko company ki bikri ke mukable kitna milta hai. Yadi yeh ratio kam hai, to market me company ke bikri ke liye umeed hai.

Price / CFO (Mulya / Cash Flow from Operations):

Price / CFO ratio ek aanklan hai jo ek company ke stock price ko uske operations se aane wala nakad (cash flow from operations) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Isse dikhata hai ki market mulya ko company ke operations se aane wale nakad ke mukable kitna milta hai.

Example : Ek company ka stock price $60 hai aur uske operations se aane wala nakad (CFO) $10 million hai, to uska Price / CFO ratio hoga 6 ($60 / $10).

Importance Price / CFO ratio dikhata hai ki market mulya ko company ke operations se aane wale nakad ke mukable kitna milta hai. Yadi yeh ratio kam hai, to market me company ke nakad pravritti ke liye umeed hai.

Yeh ratios aur aanklan aapko ek company ke mulya ko darust karne, investment ke liye margadarshan karne, aur market mein sthiti ko samjhne mein madad karte hain. Aap samajh sakte hain ki company kis tarah ke mulya aur performance pradarshit kar rahi hai aur kis tarah se ek company uske peers ya sector ke mulya ke mukable sthit hai.

PS Ratio (Price-to-Sales Ratio):

PS Ratio ek valuation metric hai jo ek company ke stock price ko uski annual revenue (bikri) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Iska upayog kiya jata hai valuation aur market mulya ka pata lagane ke liye. Yadi PS Ratio kam hai, to yeh sanket deta hai ki company ke bikri ke mukable market mulya sasta hai.

Example : Agar ek company ka stock price $50 hai aur uski annual revenue (bikri) $10 million hai, to uska PS ratio hoga 5 ($50 / $10 million).

Importance : PS Ratio ek valuation ratio hai jo ek company ke stock price ko uski annual revenue (bikri) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Yeh dikhata hai ki market mulya ko company ki bikri ke mukable kitna milta hai. Yadi PS ratio kam hota hai, to yeh sanket deta hai ki company ke bikri ke mukable market mulya sasta hai.

PS Premium vs Sub-sector (PS प्रीमियम बनाम उप-क्षेत्र):

PS Premium vs Sub-sector ratio dikhata hai ki company uske upakshetra (sub-sector) ke average PS ratio ke mukable kis darje par hai. Yadi yeh ratio adhik hai, to company uske upakshetra ke peers se aage hai.

Example: Ek company ka PS ratio 1 hai aur uske upakshetra (sub-sector) ka average PS ratio 0.8 hai, to uska PS Premium vs Sub-sector hoga 1.25 (1 / 0.8).

Importance : PS Premium vs Sub-sector ratio dikhata hai ki company uske upakshetra ke average PS ratio ke mukable kis darje par hai. Yadi yeh ratio adhik hai, to company uske peers se aage hai, aur yadi kam hai, to company uske peers se peeche hai.

Forward PS Ratio (Forward Price-to-Sales Ratio):

Forward PS Ratio ek forward-looking metric hai jo ek company ke stock price ko anumanit aane wale varsh mein uski annual revenue (bikri) ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Isse aap samajh sakte hain ki market mein agle kal mein kitni bikri ki ummid hai.

Example : Ek company ka forward PS ratio 3 hai, yani anumanit aane wale varsh mein uski annual revenue (bikri) ke sath uska stock price 3 guna hai.

Importance : Forward PS ratio dikhata hai ki market mein agle kal mein kitni bikri ki ummid hai. Yadi yeh ratio kam hai, to market me company ke bikri ke liye umeed hai.

PS Premium vs Sector (PS प्रीमियम बनाम क्षेत्र):

PS Premium vs Sector ratio dikhata hai ki company uske kshetra (sector) ke average PS ratio ke mukable kis darje par hai. Yadi yeh ratio adhik hai, to company uske kshetra ke average ke mukable aage hai.

Example : Ek company ka PS ratio 2 hai aur uske kshetra (sector) ka average PS ratio 1.5 hai, to uska PS Premium vs Sector hoga 1.33 (2 / 1.5).

Importance : PS Premium vs Sector ratio dikhata hai ki company uske kshetra ke average PS ratio ke mukable kis darje par hai. Yadi yeh ratio adhik hai, to company uske kshetra ke average ke mukable aage hai, aur yadi kam hai, to company uske kshetra ke average ke mukable peeche hai.

TTM PE Ratio (Trailing Twelve Months PE Ratio):

TTM PE Ratio ek valuation metric hai jo ek company ke stock price ko pichle gyarah mahino ke kamai per share ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Isse aap samajh sakte hain ki company ke kamai ke mukable market mulya kitna hai.

Example : Ek company ka TTM PE ratio 15 hai, yani pichle gyarah mahino ke kamai per share ke hisab se uska stock price 15 guna hai.

Importance : TTM PE Ratio ek valuation ratio hai jo ek company ke stock price ko pichle gyarah mahino ke kamai per share ke sath tulnatmak roop se dekhta hai. Isse dikhata hai ki company ke kamai ke mukable market mulya kitna hai.

Yeh terms market analysis aur investment decision ke liye mahatvapurn hote hain. Inka sahi tarah se samajh lena aapko stock market mein surakshit rup se invest karne mein madad karega.

Technical Indicators

Bilkul, chaliye in financial terms ko samajhne ki koshish karte hain: In financial terms ka sahi tarah se samajhna, stock market me sahi vyavhaar karne aur trading decisions lene me madadgar hota hai. Aap in terms ke adhyayan se stock market me safalta pa sakte hain.

Volatility (परिस्थिति):

Defination : Volatility ek stock ya market ke mulya me hone wale unpredictable parivartan ko darusti se prakat karta hai. Yeh bataata hai ki ek stock ya market kitni tezi ya dhimi gati se badalti hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ki volatility adhik hai, to iska matlab hai ki uska mulya adhik tarah se badal sakta hai, jaise ek din upar aur doosre din neeche.

Importance : Volatility ki jankari se aap samajh sakte hain ki ek stock ya market kitna risky hai. Adhik volatility wale stocks mein kam invest karna ho sakta hai, kyun ki unme adhik gati me badlav hota hai.

Volatility vs Nifty (परिस्थित बनाम निफ्टी):

Defination : Yeh term bataata hai ki ek particular stock ki volatility usi samay kitni hai jab Nifty index ki volatility kya hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka volatility 1% hai aur Nifty ka volatility 2% hai, to iska matlab hai ki is stock ki sthiti Nifty se kam volatile hai.

Importance : Is term se aap samajh sakte hain ki ek stock market ke mukable kis darje par stable ya unstable hai.

ADX Rating – Trend Strength (ADX रेटिंग - प्रवृत्ति मजबूती):

Defination : ADX (Average Directional Index) ek technical indicator hai jo stock ya market ke trend ki mazbooti ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

Example : ADX rating 25 hai, iska matlab hai ki ek stock ka trend mazboot hai.

Importance ): ADX rating se aap samajh sakte hain ki ek stock ka trend mazboot hai ya nahi. Yeh traders ke liye trend trading me madadgar hota hai.

RSI – 14D (RSI – 14 दिन):

RSI indicator aapko sahayata karta hai sahi samay par stock kharidne aur bechne ke liye. Aap is indicator ke saath dusre vyaparik data aur tools ka bhi upayog karke vyaparik faisle lete hain.

timeframe 14 din ka hai (RSI - 14D). Ab aap RSI indicator ki madhyam se jante hain ki "XYZ Ltd." ke stock ke vyaparik swabhav me kis prakar ki parivartan aa rahi hai. Agar RSI 30 se niche hai, to yah darusti se prakat karta hai ki stock oversold sthiti me hai, arthath uska mulya gira hua hai aur shayad ise kharidne ka samay aa gaya hai. Isse aapko ek surakshit kharidne ka sanket milta hai.

Yadi RSI 70 se upar hai, to yah darusti se prakat karta hai ki stock overbought sthiti me hai, arthath uska mulya adhik badh gaya hai aur shayad ise bechne ka samay aa gaya hai. Isse aapko ek surakshit bechne ka sanket milta hai.

Defination : RSI (Relative Strength Index) ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ki kharidari aur bechne wale balon ki mazbooti ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka RSI 14 din ke liye 70 hai, to yeh darusti se darust bata raha hai ki yeh overbought hai aur bechne ka samay aa sakta hai.

Importance : RSI se aap samajh sakte hain ki ek stock overbought ya oversold hai, aur isse aap trading decisions le sakte hain.

RSI Exponential – 14D (RSI अपवादी - 14 दिन):

Defination : Yeh bhi RSI ki tarah ek technical indicator hai, lekin isme ek alag prakar ka calculation hota hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka RSI Exponential 14 din ke liye 60 hai, to yeh bata raha hai ki stock ki kharidari aur bechne wale balon ki mazbooti hai, lekin kam mazbooti ki tulna mein.

Mahatva (Importance): RSI Exponential bhi stock ke kharidari aur bechne wale balon ki mazbooti ko darusti se prakat karta hai, lekin alag tarike se.

MACD Line 1 – Trend Indicator (MACD रेखा 1 - प्रवृत्ति सूचक):

Defination : MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence) ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend aur badlav ko prakat karta hai. 

MACD Line 1 – Trend Indicator: It provides insights into the stock's trend direction and strength.

Example : MACD Line 1 jab MACD Line 2 ko upar se cross karti hai, to yeh ek kharidari sanket ho sakta hai.

Importance : MACD Line 1 trend aur badlav ko darusti se prakat karta hai aur traders ko stock ke mulya me hone wale parivartan ke bare mein jankari deta hai.

MACD Line 2 – Signal Line Comp (MACD रेखा 2 - सिग्नल रेखा कॉम्प):

Defination : MACD Line 2 ek technical indicator hai jo MACD Line 1 ke sath milakar ek stock ke trend aur badlav ko prakat karta hai.

Example : Jab MACD Line 2 MACD Line 1 ke niche se cross karti hai, to yeh ek bechne ka sanket ho sakta hai.

Importance : MACD Line 2 ek signal line hoti hai jo MACD Line 1 ke sath milakar stock ke mulya ke trend ke prati trader ko madad karti hai.

Alpha (अल्फा):

Defination : Alpha ek metric hai jo ek investment ke risk aur uske return ke mukable kiya jata hai. Isse dikhaya jata hai ki ek investor ne market ke anukool ya vipreet kuchh upayog kiya hai.

Example : Yadi ek investment ke expected return 10% hai aur actual return 12% hai, to uska alpha 2% hoga, yani woh market ke mukable 2% adhik laabh prapt kiya.

Importance : Alpha yeh dikhata hai ki ek investor ne apne niyantran me kis tarah se invest kiya hai aur kya woh market ke mukable adhik laabh prapt kar pa raha hai ya nahi.

Sharpe Ratio (शार्प अनुपात):

Defination : Sharpe Ratio ek metric hai jo ek investment ke risk ko uske return ke sath tulnatmak roop se prakat karta hai. Isse dikhaya jata hai ki ek investment ke liye kya uttam pradan kiya gaya hai.

Example : Ek investment ka Sharpe Ratio 1.5 hai, iska matlab hai ki har ek ekad par 1.5 guna adhik laabh prapt kiya gaya hai jis par risk hai.

Importance : Sharpe Ratio yeh batata hai ki ek investment ke liye diya gaya risk, uske laabh ke mukable kya hai. Yadi Sharpe Ratio adhik hai, to woh investment uttam mana ja sakta hai.

Beta (बीटा):

Defination : Beta ek metric hai jo ek investment ke mulya ke parivartan ko market ke parivartan ke sath tulnatmak roop se prakat karta hai.

Example : Ek stock ka beta 1.2 hai, iska matlab hai ki market ke upar ya niche hone wale har ek 1% ke mulya parivartan ke liye yeh stock 1.2% ke mulya parivartan me hissa lega.

Importance : Beta yeh dikhata hai ki ek investment market ke sath kis tarah se samparkit hai. High beta wale stocks market ke upar ya niche jyada prabhavit hote hain, jabki low beta wale stocks kam prabhavit hote hain.

100D EMA (100 दिन की एक्सपोनेंशियल मूविंग एवरेज):

Defination : 100D EMA ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend ko pichle 100 din ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 100D EMA $50 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is stock ka mulya pichle 100 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par $50 ke aas-pass raha.

Importance : 100D EMA stock ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse traders aur investors mulya ke anumanit gati ke adhar par kharidari ya bechne ki vyavastha kar sakte hain.

10D EMA (10 दिन की एक्सपोनेंशियल मूविंग एवरेज):

Defination : 10D EMA ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend ko pichle 10 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 10D EMA $60 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is stock ka mulya pichle 10 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par $60 ke aas-pass raha.

Importance : 10D EMA stock ke atirikt gati aur samay par hone wale badlav ko dikhata hai. Isse traders tezi ya mandegi ke sthitiyon ko samajh sakte hain.

200D EMA (200 दिन की एक्सपोनेंशियल मूविंग एवरेज):

Defination : 200D EMA ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend ko pichle 200 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 200D EMA $55 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is stock ka mulya pichle 200 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par $55 ke aas-pass raha.

Importance : 200D EMA ek stock ke lambe samay tak ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse aap lambe samay tak ke mulya ke parivartan ko samajh sakte hain.

50D EMA (50 दिन की एक्सपोनेंशियल मूविंग एवरेज):

Defination : 50D EMA ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend ko pichle 50 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 50D EMA $65 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is stock ka mulya pichle 50 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par $65 ke aas-pass raha.

Importance ): 50D EMA ek stock ke madhya samay tak ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse traders aur investors mulya ke atirikt gati ko samajh sakte hain.

1Y Max Loss (1 वर्ष की अधिकतम हानि):

Defination : 1Y Max Loss ek metric hai jo ek investment ke pichle ek varsh ke dauran ki gayi sabse adhik hani ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek investment ka 1Y Max Loss 10% hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is investment ke pichle ek varsh me adhikatam 10% hani hui thi.

Importance ): 1Y Max Loss se yeh pata chalta hai ki ek investment kitni risky ho sakti hai aur kis tarah ke hani ki sambhavna hai. Yeh investors ko risk prabandhan me madad karta hai.

% Price above 1Y SMA (1 साल की सादा मूविंग एवरेज के ऊपर की कीमत):

Defination : Ye metric batata hai ki ek stock ka vartaman mulya uske pichle ek saal ke sadharan mulya (Simple Moving Average, SMA) ke mukable kitna hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka vartaman mulya $120 hai aur uska 1 साल का SMA $100 hai, to "% Price above 1Y SMA" hoga: [(120 - 100) / 100] * 100 = 20%. Iska matlab hai ki vartaman mulya 1 साल के sadharan mulya ke 20% adhik hai.

Importance ): Ye metric stock ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Agar "% Price above 1Y SMA" adhik hota hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki stock tezi me hai.

% Price above 1M SMA (1 महीने की सादा मूविंग एवरेज के ऊपर की कीमत):

Defination : Ye metric batata hai ki ek stock ka vartaman mulya uske pichle ek mahine ke sadharan mulya (Simple Moving Average, SMA) ke mukable kitna hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka vartaman mulya $60 hai aur uska 1 महीने का SMA $50 hai, to "% Price above 1M SMA" hoga: [(60 - 50) / 50] * 100 = 20%. Iska matlab hai ki vartaman mulya 1 महीने के sadharan mulya ke 20% adhik hai.

Importance ): Ye metric stock ke chhote samay ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Agar "% Price above 1M SMA" adhik hota hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki stock tezi me hai.

% From Parabolic SAR (Parabolic Stop and Reverse se doori %):

Defination : Ye metric batata hai ki ek stock ka vartaman mulya Parabolic Stop and Reverse (SAR) ke mukable kitni doori par hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka vartaman mulya $80 hai aur Parabolic SAR ki kimat $75 hai, to "% From Parabolic SAR" hoga: [(80 - 75) / 75] * 100 = 6.67%. Iska matlab hai ki vartaman mulya Parabolic SAR se 6.67% door hai.

Importance ): Ye metric trend reversals ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Agar "% From Parabolic SAR" adhik hota hai, to yeh sanket deta hai ki stock uptrend me ho sakta hai.

Parabolic SAR (Stop and Reverse) ek technical indicator hai jo stock market me istemal hota hai. Iska mool uddeshya hota hai vyaparik faisle lene aur surakshit vyavhar karne me madad karna. Parabolic SAR ek trend indicator hai aur stock ke mulya ke trend ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

Practical example ke roop mein, chaliye ek vyapari ke taur par soch lete hain:

Man lijiye aap ek stock trader hain aur aap "XYZ Ltd." stock par vyapar kar rahe hain. Aap Parabolic SAR ka upayog kar rahe hain.

Shuruaat Mein: Aap "XYZ Ltd." stock ko dekh rahe hain aur Parabolic SAR points ko calculate kar rahe hain. Yadi Parabolic SAR points stock ke mulya ke niche hain, to yah dikhata hai ki stock me giraavat ki or sanket hai. Aap is sanket ko dekhte huye stock bechne ka faisle lete hain.

Madhya Nirdharan: Samay ke saath, Parabolic SAR points stock ke mulya ke upar aane lagte hain, jo giraavat se bhari ore sanket hai. Isse aap samajh jate hain ki stock ke trend ne badlaav ki or liya hai. Aap apne vyaparik faisle ke anukool parivartan kar sakte hain aur stock ko kharidne ka faisle lete hain.

Profit: Aapne sahi samay par Parabolic SAR ke sanket ka palan kiya, aur stock ke trend ke anukool vyapar kiya. Yadi stock mulya me badhne lagta hai, to aap labh kama sakte hain.

Suraksha: Agar Parabolic SAR sanket ke adhar par stock me giraavat aati hai, to aap apne nuksan se bach sakte hain, kyunki aapne surakshit vyavhar kiya tha.

1W Change in AD Line (1 सप्ताह में AD Line में परिवर्तन):

Defination : AD Line ek technical indicator hai jo volume aur price ke adhar par stock ke accumulation-distribution ko darusti se prakat karta hai. "1W Change in AD Line" ek stock ke AD Line me ek hafte ke andar hone wale parivartan ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 1 सप्ताह का AD Line 5000 se badhkar 5500 ho jata hai, to "1W Change in AD Line" hoga: 5500 - 5000 = 500. Iska matlab hai ki is stock ke accumulation-distribution me pichle ek hafte me 500 ki vriddhi hui hai.

Importance ): AD Line ka upayog stock ke demand aur supply ke bich ke parivartan ko samajhne me hota hai. "1W Change in AD Line" parivartan ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

1W Change in On Balance Volume (1 सप्ताह में On Balance Volume में परिवर्तन):

Defination : On Balance Volume (OBV) ek technical indicator hai jo volume ke adhar par stock ke accumulation-distribution ko darusti se prakat karta hai. "1W Change in OBV" ek stock ke OBV me ek hafte ke andar hone wale parivartan ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 1 सप्ताह का OBV 2000 se badhkar 2200 ho jata hai, to "1W Change in OBV" hoga: 2200 - 2000 = 200. Iska matlab hai ki is stock ke accumulation-distribution me pichle ek hafte me 200 ki vriddhi hui hai.

Importance ): OBV ka upayog stock ke demand aur supply ke bich ke parivartan ko samajhne me hota hai. "1W Change in OBV" parivartan ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

% Price above 1M EMA  (Exponential Moving Average) 

Defination : Ye metric batata hai ki ek stock ka vartaman mulya uske pichle ek mahine ke eksponeNtial mulya (EMA) ke mukable kitna hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka vartaman mulya $70 hai aur uska 1 महीने का EMA $65 hai, to "% Price above 1M EMA" hoga: [(70 - 65) / 65] * 100 = 7.69%. Iska matlab hai ki vartaman mulya 1 महीने ke EMA ke 7.69% adhik hai.

Importance ): Ye metric stock ke chhote samay ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Agar "% Price above 1M EMA" adhik hota hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki stock tezi me hai.

% From Lower Bollinger Band

% From Upper Bollinger Band: Stocks trading near the upper Bollinger Band may be overextended.

Defination : Ye metric batata hai ki ek stock ka vartaman mulya nichle Bollinger Band (volatility ke adhar par bana technical indicator) ke mukable kitni doori par hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka vartaman mulya $90 hai aur nichla Bollinger Band $85 hai, to "% From Lower Bollinger Band" hoga: [(90 - 85) / 85] * 100 = 5.88%. Iska matlab hai ki vartaman mulya nichle Bollinger Band se 5.88% door hai.

Importance ): Ye metric stock ke samvedansheelata aur volatility ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Agar "% From Lower Bollinger Band" adhik hota hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki stock bahut samvedansheel ho sakta hai.

% From Upper Bollinger Band (ऊपरे बोलिंजर बैंड से कितनी दूरी %):

Defination : Ye metric batata hai ki ek stock ka vartaman mulya upar ke Bollinger Band ke mukable kitni doori par hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka vartaman mulya $120 hai aur upar ka Bollinger Band $125 hai, to "% From Upper Bollinger Band" hoga: [(120 - 125) / 125] * 100 = -4%. Iska matlab hai ki vartaman mulya upar ke Bollinger Band se 4% door hai.

Importance ): Ye metric stock ke samvedansheelata aur volatility ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Agar "% From Upper Bollinger Band" adhik hota hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki stock bahut samvedansheel ho sakta hai.

Relative Volume (संबंधित वॉल्यूम):

Defination : Relative Volume ek metric hai jo batata hai ki vartaman din me ek stock ke vyapar ka volume uske aam din ke mukable kitna hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka aam din me average volume 1,00,000 shares hota hai aur aaj ke vyapar me 1,50,000 shares hote hain, to Relative Volume hoga: 1,50,000 / 1,00,000 = 1.5. Iska matlab hai ki aaj ke vyapar ka volume aam din ke mukable 1.5 guna adhik hai.

Importance ): Relative Volume se yeh pata chalta hai ki ek stock ke vyapar me kis prakar ki gati ho rahi hai. Adhik Relative Volume, aksar adhik prashansa jata hai, kyun ki yeh tezi ya giraavat ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

100D SMA (100 दिन की सादा मूविंग एवरेज):

Defination : 100D SMA ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend ko pichle 100 dinon ke sadharan mulya (Simple Moving Average, SMA) ke adhar par prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 100D SMA $50 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is stock ka mulya pichle 100 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par $50 ke aas-pass raha.

Importance ): 100D SMA ek stock ke lambi avadhi ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse traders aur investors mulya ke atirikt gati ko samajh sakte hain.

10D SMA (10 दिन की सादा मूविंग एवरेज):

Defination : 10D SMA ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend ko pichle 10 dinon ke sadharan mulya (Simple Moving Average, SMA) ke adhar par prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 10D SMA $45 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is stock ka mulya pichle 10 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par $45 ke aas-pass raha.

Importance ): 10D SMA ek stock ke chhote samay tak ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse traders aur investors mulya ke atirikt gati ko samajh sakte hain.

200D SMA (200 दिन की सादा मूविंग एवरेज):

Defination : 200D SMA ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend ko pichle 200 dinon ke sadharan mulya (Simple Moving Average, SMA) ke adhar par prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 200D SMA $60 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is stock ka mulya pichle 200 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par $60 ke aas-pass raha.

Importance ): 200D SMA ek stock ke lambi avadhi ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse traders aur investors mulya ke atirikt gati ko samajh sakte hain.

50D SMA (50 दिन की सादा मूविंग एवरेज):

Defination : 50D SMA ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ke trend ko pichle 50 dinon ke sadharan mulya (Simple Moving Average, SMA) ke adhar par prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka 50D SMA $70 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki is stock ka mulya pichle 50 dinon ke dauran ki gyati ke adhar par $70 ke aas-pass raha.

Importance ): 50D SMA ek stock ke madhya samay tak ke trend ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse traders aur investors mulya ke atirikt gati ko samajh sakte hain.

Stochastic %D (स्टोकास्टिक प्रतिशत %D):

Defination : Stochastic %D ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke vyapar ke prashasan ko darusti se prakat karta hai. Yeh ek stock ke current mulya aur uske itihas ke adhar par pratishat ke roop me vyapar ke pratikriya ko prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka Stochastic %D 75% hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki 75% samay me is stock ke mulya ne vyapar ke pratikriya me sudhar ki or badhaav ki taraf kiya.

Importance ): Stochastic %D stock ke vyapar ke prashasan ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse overbought ya oversold sthitiyon ko darusti se prakat kiya ja sakta hai.

Stochastic %K (स्टोकास्टिक प्रतिशत %K):

Defination : Stochastic %K ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke vyapar ke prashasan ko darusti se prakat karta hai. Yeh ek stock ke current mulya aur uske itihas ke adhar par pratishat ke roop me vyapar ke pratikriya ko prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka Stochastic %K 80% hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki 80% samay me is stock ke mulya ne vyapar ke pratikriya me sudhar ki or badhaav ki taraf kiya.

Importance ): Stochastic %K stock ke vyapar ke prashasan ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai. Isse overbought ya oversold sthitiyon ko darusti se prakat kiya ja sakta hai.

Super Trend (सुपर ट्रेंड):

Super Trend: A trend-following indicator to identify the current trend direction.

Defination : Super Trend ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke trend ko prakat karta hai. Yeh dikhata hai ki stock tezi me hai ya giraavat me hai.

Example : Agar Super Trend ek stock ke liye "Buy" dikhata hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki stock tezi me hai. Lekin, agar yeh "Sell" dikhata hai, to yeh giraavat me hai.

Importance ): Super Trend ek stock ke trend ko darusti se prakat karta hai aur traders ko sahi samay par kharidne ya bechne ka sanket deta hai.

VWAP (Volume Weighted Average Price)

VWAP (Volume Weighted Average Price): Helps understand the average price at which a stock is traded during a day.

Defination : VWAP ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke mulya ko uske vyapar ka volume ke sath gina jata hai. Yeh stock ke mulya ka vyaparik moolya prakat karta hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka VWAP $50 hai aur uske vyapar ka volume 1,00,000 shares hai, to iska matlab hai ki stock ka vyaparik moolya $50 ke aas-pass hai.

Importance ): VWAP stock ke mulya ka sahi moolya prakat karta hai aur traders ko sahi samay par vyapar karne me madad karta hai.

William %R (विलियम प्रतिशत %R):

Defination : William %R ek technical indicator hai jo ek stock ke overbought aur oversold sthitiyon ko darusti se prakat karta hai. Yeh pratishat ke roop me dikhata hai ki stock kis sthiti me hai.

Example : Agar ek stock ka William %R -10 hai, to yeh dikhata hai ki stock overbought sthiti me hai. Lekin, agar yeh -90 hai, to yeh oversold sthiti ko darusti se prakat karta hai.

Importance ): William %R stock ke vyaparik sthiti ko samajhne me madadgar hota hai aur traders ko sahi samay par vyapar karne ka sanket deta hai.

Types of Tradings 

Trading can be broadly categorized into several types, with each having its unique characteristics and strategies. The main types of trading are:

Day Trading:

Duration: Day traders buy and sell securities within the same trading day, aiming to profit from short-term price fluctuations.

Frequency: High-frequency trading, often making multiple trades in a single day.

Risk: Involves higher risk due to the rapid pace and short timeframes.

Practical Example: A day trader monitors the stock market and notices that Company A's stock price is experiencing a sudden surge (अचानक उछाल) due to positive earnings news. They buy 1,000 shares in the morning and sell them later in the day when the stock reaches a price level they consider profitable.

Swing Trading:

Duration: Swing traders hold positions for several days or weeks, looking to capture price swings within a trend.

Frequency: Fewer trades compared to day trading.

Risk: Moderate risk as positions are held for a longer duration.

Practical Example: A swing trader analyzes the stock chart of Company B and identifies a consistent upward trend over several weeks. They buy 500 shares and hold onto them  (उन पर) for a few weeks, selling when they believe the stock has reached its peak within the trend.

Position Trading:

Duration: Position traders maintain positions for weeks, months, or even years, with the focus on long-term trends.

Frequency: Rarely trade compared to other types.

Risk: Lower risk as positions are held for the long term.

Practical Example: A position trader has a long-term investment horizon and believes in the growth prospects of the tech industry. They invest in a diversified portfolio (विविध पोर्टफ़ोलियो) of tech stocks and hold onto them for several years, aiming to benefit from the industry's long-term growth.

Scalping:

Duration: Scalpers make very short-term trades, holding positions for seconds or minutes, aiming for small price increments.

Frequency: High-frequency trading with numerous quick trades.

Risk: Involves high risk due to the fast pace and minimal profit margins.

Practical Example: A forex scalper watches the EUR/USD currency pair and takes advantage of short-term price fluctuations. They buy euros with US dollars and sell them within minutes, aiming to make a small profit from each trade.

Algorithmic Trading (Algo Trading):

Duration: Algo traders use automated computer programs to execute pre-defined trading strategies, often with minimal human intervention.

Frequency: Extremely high-frequency trading with a focus on speed and efficiency.

Risk: Risk can vary depending on the algorithm used.

Practical Example: An algorithmic trader uses a computer program to execute rapid-fire (तेज आग) stock trades based on specific technical indicators, such as moving averages or price patterns. The program automatically buys and sells stocks according to the predefined strategy.

Options Trading:

Strategy: Involves trading options contracts, which provide the right (but not the obligation) to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price.

Risk: Options trading can be tailored to different risk levels, depending on the strategy used.

Practical Example: An options trader purchases a call option contract for Company C with a strike price of $50. They anticipate that the stock will rise above $50 before the option's expiration date, allowing them to buy the stock at a discounted price.

Forex Trading:

Market: Focuses on the foreign exchange (forex) market, where currencies are traded.

Duration: Trading can range from seconds (scalping) to weeks (swing trading).

Risk: Risk varies based on the trading approach and leverage used.

Practical Example: A forex trader speculates on the USD/JPY currency pair, buying US dollars with Japanese yen when they believe the dollar will appreciate against the yen. They aim to profit from the exchange rate movement.

Futures Trading:

Market: Involves trading futures contracts, which are agreements to buy or sell an asset at a future date at a predetermined price.

Duration: Trading can be short-term or long-term, depending on the contract and strategy.

Risk: Risk can vary based on the asset and leverage.

Practical Example: A commodities futures trader buys a contract for 1,000 bushels of corn at a specified price. They expect the price of corn to rise before the contract's expiration, at which point they can sell the contract for a profit.

Cryptocurrency Trading:

Market: Focuses on trading cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and others.

Duration: Can range from seconds (crypto scalping) to long-term (crypto investment).

Risk: Cryptocurrency trading carries unique risks, including volatility and regulatory factors.

Practical Example: A cryptocurrency trader buys Ethereum at $2,000 and sells it at $3,000 within a few weeks. They capitalize on the price increase, aiming for short-term gains in the cryptocurrency market.

Future & Options Indicators

• 1D Change in Put OI
• Highest 1D OI Change CE Strike
• 1 D Change in Call OI
• 1D Change in Future OI
• Highest 1D OI Change PE Strike
• 1D Change in Future Volume
• Highest 1W OI Change CE Strike
• 1W Change in Call OI
• 1W Change in Future OI
• Highest 1W OI Change PE Strike
• 1W Change in Put OI
• 1W Change in Future Volume
• Cash & Carry Profit
• Highest Call OI Strike
• Calendar Spread
• Fair Value
• Fair Value Spread
• Basis
• Future Close Price
• Future contract close price from the day the stock future contract was last traded
• Lot Size
• Future Open Interest
• Future Volume
• Call Open Interest
• Put Open Interest
• Highest Put OI Strike
• Put Call Ratio
• Rollover Cost
• Percentage Rollover

"Future and option trading" refers to financial derivatives contracts that allow investors and traders to speculate on the future price movements of underlying assets, such as stocks, commodities, or indices, without owning the assets themselves. These trading instruments are widely used for risk management, hedging, and speculation in the financial markets.

1. such as stocks, 
2. commodities, or 
3. indices

Here's an explanation of both terms with practical examples:

Futures Trading:

Definition: Futures are standardized contracts that obligate the buyer to purchase and the seller to sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price or strike price (Jo price pahle hi tay ho chauka hai)  on a specified future date. They are commonly used in commodities markets (e.g., oil, gold, wheat) but also exist for financial instruments like stock indices.

Example: Let's say you are a wheat farmer, and you expect to harvest a large wheat crop in six months. To protect against falling wheat prices, you can enter into a wheat futures contract to sell your wheat at the current market price in six months. If the market price drops by then, you still get the higher price specified in the contract.

Options Trading:

Definition: Options are financial contracts that provide the buyer with the right (but not the obligation) to buy (call option) or sell (put option) an underlying asset at a predetermined price (strike price) on or before a specific future date (expiration date).

Call Option - Ham sochte hai ki jab stock ka price increase hoga toh ham stock ko bech k profit book kar lenge is called Call (BUY OPTION) lekin iske viprit  

"put option" SELL naam ki cheez hoti hai jo ye btati hai ki agar aap aaj jo stock market ka price hai like (100$) future me es stock ka price 80$ ho jayega toh aap aaj hi ek contract karle brokerage se ki agar future me agar es stock ki price kam hui toh aap ye stock mujse 100$ me hi purchase karoge,(means predetermine price or strick price) ,iske liye brokerage apse es risk ke badle kuch fees bhi lega like 10,20$ 

now put option - hame doller kam hone par bhi profit book karke dega.

Example: Imagine you are an investor holding 100 shares of a tech company, and you are concerned (संबंधित) about a potential drop in its stock price. You can purchase put options with a strike price below the current stock price. If the stock's price falls below the strike price, you can sell it at the higher strike price, limiting your losses.

Put options are financial contracts that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell an underlying asset (like a stock) at a specific price (strike price) on or before a predetermined date (expiration date). They are used by traders to profit from a potential price decrease in the underlying asset.

Practical Example: You own put options that allow you to sell 100 shares of Company XYZ at $50 per share by the end of the month, even if the stock's market price falls below $50.

It's important to note that futures and options trading can be complex, and it's crucial to understand the risks and strategies involved. Many traders use these instruments to diversify their portfolios, manage risk, or seek profit opportunities based on their market outlook.

Open Interest:

Open interest is the total number of options or futures contracts that are currently held by market participants. It represents the number of contracts that have not been offset (closed) by an opposing trade. In other words, it's the outstanding contracts still in the market.

Practical Example: Imagine there are 1,000 call options and 800 put options for a particular stock. The open interest for that stock's options is 1,800 contracts 

These terms are related to the futures and options market and are used to analyze the trading activity in options and futures contracts:

1D Change in Put OI (Open Interest): 

This term refers to the change in open interest for put options contracts within a single trading day. Open interest represents the total number of outstanding options contracts for a specific strike price and expiration date. An increase in put open interest may indicate a bearish sentiment, as more traders are betting on the underlying asset's price to fall.

Suppose you are tracking a stock, and the 1D change in put open interest for the $50 strike price options increased from 1,000 contracts to 2,500 contracts in a single trading day. This indicates that more traders are betting on the stock's price to decline, possibly due to negative news or technical indicators.

Highest 1D OI Change CE Strike: 

This term refers to the call options strike price that experienced the highest change in open interest (2,000 contracts to 3,500 contracts within a day) within a single trading day. It signifies the strike price for call options that saw the most significant increase in trading activity during that day. A high change in open interest can indicate increased interest or activity in that specific strike price.

Imagine a stock where the 1D change in call open interest for the $70 strike price options increased from 2,000 contracts to 3,500 contracts within a day. This signals that more traders are bullish on the stock's future price, possibly based on positive news or technical analysis.

1D Change in Call OI: 

Similar to the 1D change in put open interest, this term represents the change in open interest for call options contracts within a single trading day. An increase in call open interest may indicate a bullish sentiment, as more traders are speculating on the underlying asset's price to rise.

Let's say you observe that the $60 strike price call options had the highest 1D change in open interest, increasing from 500 contracts to 2,000 contracts in a single trading day. This suggests that many traders are showing interest in these call options, possibly because they anticipate a significant upward price movement.

1D Change in Future OI: 

This term refers to the change in open interest for futures contracts within a single trading day. Open interest for futures contracts represents the total number of outstanding contracts. An increase in futures open interest may indicate greater trading activity and interest in the underlying asset.

If you are following a commodity futures contract, and the open interest for that contract increased from 5,000 to 7,000 contracts within a single trading day, it indicates a surge (उछाल का संकेत देता है) in trading interest and suggests that more participants are getting involved in the futures market.

Highest 1D OI Change PE Strike: 

This term identifies the put options strike price that experienced the highest change in open interest within a single trading day. It indicates the strike price for put options that saw the most significant increase in trading activity during that day. A high change in open interest can indicate increased interest or activity in that specific strike price.

Consider a scenario where the $55 strike price put options had the highest 1D change in open interest, rising from 800 contracts to 3,000 contracts in one trading day. This indicates a significant increase in bearish sentiment as traders expect the underlying asset's price to decline.

Highest 1D OI Change PE Strike:

Definition: This refers to the highest change in open interest (OI) for put options (PE) with a specific strike price within a single trading day. Open interest represents the total number of outstanding option contracts for a particular strike price.

Example: If within one trading day, the open interest for put options with a strike price of $50 increased by 1,000 contracts, that would be the "Highest 1D OI Change PE Strike."

1D Change in Future Volume:

Definition: This represents the change in trading volume for a futures contract within a single trading day. It measures how many futures contracts have been traded compared to the previous day.

Example: If 5,000 crude oil futures contracts were traded today, and yesterday, only 3,000 contracts were traded, the "1D Change in Future Volume" would be 2,000 contracts.

Highest 1W OI Change CE Strike:

Definition: This refers to the highest change in open interest (OI) for call options (CE) with a specific strike price within one trading week (1W). It measures the most significant increase in outstanding call option contracts within the week.

Example: If, over a week, the open interest for call options with a strike price of $75 increased by 2,500 contracts, that would be the "Highest 1W OI Change CE Strike."

1W Change in Call OI:

Definition: This indicates the change in open interest (OI) for call options within one trading week. It measures the increase or decrease in the number of outstanding call option contracts during the week.

Example: If the open interest for call options increased by 1,000 contracts during one trading week, the "1W Change in Call OI" would be 1,000.

1W Change in Future OI:

Definition: This represents the change in open interest (OI) for a futures contract within one trading week. It measures the increase or decrease in the number of outstanding futures contracts over the week.

Example: If the open interest for a specific crude oil futures contract decreased by 500 contracts within one trading week, the "1W Change in Future OI" would be -500.

Highest 1W OI Change PE Strike:

Definition: This refers to the highest change in open interest (OI) for put options (PE) with a specific strike price within one trading week (1W). It measures the most significant increase in outstanding put option contracts within the week.

Example: If, during one trading week, the open interest for put options with a strike price of $60 increased by 3,000 contracts, that would be the "Highest 1W OI Change PE Strike."

1W Change in Put OI (Open Interest):

Definition: This refers to the change in open interest for put options within one trading week. It measures the increase or decrease in the number of outstanding put option contracts over the week.

Example: If the open interest for put options on Company XYZ increased by 500 contracts during one trading week, the "1W Change in Put OI" would be +500.

1W Change in Future Volume:

Definition: This indicates the change in trading volume for a futures contract within one trading week. It measures how many futures contracts have been traded compared to the previous week.

Example: If 10,000 crude oil futures contracts were traded this week, and last week, only 7,000 contracts were traded, the "1W Change in Future Volume" would be +3,000 contracts.

Cash & Carry Profit:

Definition: Cash & Carry Profit refers to a riskless arbitrage strategy where an investor borrows money at a lower interest rate to purchase an asset expected to yield a higher return, thereby making a profit from the interest rate differential.

Example: If an investor borrows $10,000 at a 3% interest rate and invests it in a bond yielding 5%, they make a cash & carry profit of 2% ($200) annually.

Highest Call OI Strike:

Definition: This refers to the strike price for call options with the highest open interest. Open interest represents the total number of outstanding option contracts for a particular strike price.

Example: If the open interest for call options with a strike price of $80 is the highest among all strike prices, it would be the "Highest Call OI Strike."

Calendar Spread:

Definition: A calendar spread is an options trading strategy involving two options with the same strike price but different expiration dates. Traders use this strategy to profit from changes in implied volatility or time decay.

Example: Buying a call option on Company A with a strike price of $100 that expires in three months and simultaneously selling a call option on the same stock with the same $100 strike price but with an expiration date in one month is a calendar spread.

Fair Value:

Definition: Fair value represents the calculated or estimated intrinsic value of a security or asset. It is used to determine whether a security is overvalued or undervalued in the market.

Example: If the fair value of a stock is determined to be $50 based on fundamental analysis, and the stock is currently trading at $45, it may be considered undervalued.

Fair Value Spread:

Definition: Fair value spread is the difference between the current market price of a security and its calculated fair value. It can be used to assess potential investment opportunities.

Example: If the fair value of a bond is $1,000, but it is currently trading at $950 in the market, the fair value spread is $50.

Basis:

Definition: Basis refers to the price difference between a cash or spot market and the futures market for the same underlying asset.

Example: If the cash price of crude oil is $60 per barrel, but the futures price for delivery in three months is $65 per barrel, the basis is $5.

Future Close Price:

Definition: The future close price is the final trading price of a futures contract at the end of a trading session.

Example: If the closing price of a gold futures contract for the day is $1,800 per ounce, that would be the "Future Close Price."

Lot Size:

Definition: Lot size refers to the quantity of shares or units in a single futures or options contract. It determines how much of the underlying asset is being traded in one contract.

Example: If the lot size for a stock futures contract is 100 shares, each contract represents 100 shares of the underlying stock.

Future Open Interest:

Definition: Future open interest is the total number of outstanding futures contracts that have not been closed or delivered by the end of a trading day.

Example: If there are 5,000 open contracts for S&P 500 futures at the end of the trading day, the future open interest for that day is 5,000 contracts.

Future Volume:

Definition: Future volume refers to the total number of futures contracts traded during a specific time period, often a trading session.

Example: If 10,000 crude oil futures contracts were traded during a trading session, the future volume for that session is 10,000 contracts.

Call Open Interest:

Definition: Call open interest is the total number of outstanding call option contracts that have not been closed or exercised.

Example: If there are 2,000 open contracts for call options on Company XYZ, the call open interest for those options is 2,000 contracts.

Put Open Interest:

Definition: Put open interest is the total number of outstanding put option contracts that have not been closed or exercised.

Example: If there are 3,500 open contracts for put options on Company ABC, the put open interest for those options is 3,500 contracts.

Highest Put OI Strike:

Definition: This refers to the strike price for put options with the highest open interest. It represents the strike price with the most open put option contracts.

Example: If the open interest for put options with a strike price of $50 is the highest among all strike prices, it would be the "Highest Put OI Strike."

Put Call Ratio:

Definition: The put-call ratio is a ratio that compares the volume of put options to call options traded on a particular day. It is used as a sentiment indicator.

Example: If there were 1,000 put options and 2,500 call options traded today, the put-call ratio would be 1,000/2,500, which simplifies to 0.4.

Rollover Cost:

Definition: Rollover cost is the expense associated with closing out a soon-to-expire futures contract and opening a new one with a later expiration date.

Example: If a trader holds a crude oil futures contract about to expire and wants to continue their position, they must close out the current contract and open a new one. The cost incurred in this process is the rollover cost.

Percentage Rollover:

Definition: Percentage rollover refers to the percentage of open contracts that have been rolled over to the next expiration date. It provides insights into the proportion of traders who have extended their positions.

Example: If 70% of the open positions in a specific futures contract have been rolled over to the next contract with a later expiration date, the percentage rollover is 70%.

These terms are crucial for participants in futures and options markets to monitor and understand market dynamics and sentiment.

Certainly! Learning about the stock market and trading is a gradual process, and it's great that you want to start from the basics and progress to more advanced levels. Here's a step-by-step guide:

Beginner Level:

Understanding the Basics:

Learn what a stock is, how the stock market operates, and the basic terminology (e.g., shares, dividends, IPO).

Introduction to Market Participants:

Understand the roles of different participants like investors, traders, brokers, and market makers.

How Stock Prices are Determined:

Learn about the factors influencing stock prices, including supply and demand dynamics.

Risk Management:

Understand the concept of risk and how to manage it. Learn about diversification and the importance of not putting all your money into one stock.

Introduction to Different Order Types:

Learn about market orders, limit orders, and stop orders. Understand how to place trades.

Intermediate Level:

Technical Analysis:

Dive into chart analysis, understanding candlestick patterns, trendlines, and support/resistance levels.

Fundamental Analysis:

Learn how to analyze a company's financial statements, earnings reports, and other fundamental indicators.

Introduction to Indicators:

Explore popular indicators like Moving Averages, RSI, MACD, and how to use them in your analysis.

Risk-Reward Ratio:

Understand the concept of risk-reward and how to evaluate potential trades based on this ratio.

Paper Trading:

Practice trading without risking real money. Many online platforms offer paper trading accounts.

Advanced Level:

Advanced Technical Analysis:

Explore advanced chart patterns, Fibonacci retracements, and other technical indicators.

Options Trading:

Learn about options, how they work, and advanced strategies for trading options.

Algorithmic Trading:

Understand the basics of algorithmic trading and how to develop and implement trading algorithms.

Risk Management Strategies:

Explore advanced risk management techniques, including position sizing and portfolio management.

Market Psychology:

Understand the psychological aspects of trading, including fear, greed, and market sentiment.

Economic Analysis:

Learn how economic indicators and events impact the stock market.

Advanced Order Types:

Explore more advanced order types and their uses.

Continuous Learning:

The stock market is dynamic, so staying updated on market trends, news, and new trading strategies is essential.

Ongoing Practices:

Read Books and Educational Materials:

There are many excellent books on trading and investing that cater to different skill levels.

Follow Financial News:

Stay informed about market trends, economic developments, and company news.

Participate in Trading Communities:

Join online forums or communities where you can discuss strategies and learn from others.

Continuous Evaluation:

Regularly assess your trading performance and adjust your strategies accordingly.

Remember, successful trading requires a combination of knowledge, discipline, and continuous learning. It's okay to start small, focus on a few strategies, and gradually expand your skills and expertise over time.